Rise of terrorism in africa manohar parrikar institute for. The guardian nigeria newspaper brings you the latest headlines, opinions, political news, business reports and international news. Counter terrorism strategy central intelligence agency. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 8 once charged for his links to boko haram, the military are now doing their best to regain the trust of civilians, although the success of this will remain to be seen. Abu usama al ansari is frequently identi fied as its leader, but little other than his name is known. History of fulani herdsmen in nigeria and todays crisis. Kidnapping and terrorism in nigeria was unknown in the early years of nigeria s independence in 1960.
Anthropologists say that the origin of fula is connected. Identity, religion, boko haram, poverty, northern nigeria. In nigeria, boko haram wa s responsible for more than 80 percent of all terrorist attacks between 1970 and 201 3 for which a perpetrator group was identified, despite their relatively recent onset of violence in 2009. Groups, activities, and politics adeyemi bukola oyeniyi abstract while global attention is focused on embassy bombing, aircraft hijacking and 911 terroristsattack kind of terrorism, equally devastating terrorist activities with equally devastating impacts are daily swept under the carpet in africa. First, it explains briefly why it is difficult to find a universally acceptable definition of terrorism. Deny sponsorship, support, and sanctuary to terrorists17. Ethnic militancy and internal terrorism on nigerias national security 63 afinotan, and ojakorotu, 2009. Not to be soon forgotten is the august 26, 2011 suicide bombing of the united nations secretariat in abuja, coming not long after a similar attack on the nigeria police force headquarters on june 16, both claimed by the boko haram. Introduction nigeria has had a long and unfortunate history of communal conflicts and ethno religious violence. The origin of islamic terrorism in palestine is a perfect case study to know how not to. University of california press, one of the most distin. An inhouse survey into the cultural origins of boko haram movement in.
Terrorist groups operating in nigeria boko haram and islamic state west africa iswa boko haram or jasdj is an islamist terrorist group operating in nigeria, cameroon, chad and niger. Terrorism has a long history, but its systematic analysis has a short past. If you look at kidnapping and terrorism you will understand from its definition. The challenges of countering terrorism are not new, and indeed have a long history. The first terrorists early zealots and assassins such as the sicarii and the hashhashin frightened their contemporaries but were not really terrorists in the modern sense. Major boro belonged to the ijaw ethnic extraction in the niger delta region and, at the time of his rebellion, was a student at the university of nigeria, nsukka. The first known insurgency or terrorism attempt in nigeria may be credited to the movement to liberate the niger delta people led by major isaac jasper adaka boro.
Terrorist financing in west and central africa fatf. There had been other terrorist groups that existed before boko haram as has earlier been pointed out and some of which still exist but seem to have been silenced by the deafening uproar of the boko haram recent insurgency. Major boro belonged to the ijaw ethnic extraction in the niger delta region and, at the time of his rebellion, was a student at the university of nigeria. With the coming to the scene by boko haram in 2002, the insecurity situation in. The emergence of boko haram bh in the region has seen the designated. The breakdown of law and order in libya, in particular, has allowed the islamic state isis terrorist organization to capture pockets of territory and gain a foothold on the continent. This study adopts poverty theory to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. Impact of terrorism on economic development in africa. Second, it describes how history is crucial to any explanation. Terrorist incidents in nigeria and related categories. This is against the backdrop of the rising spate of violent attacks.
Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of. But the slaves of the fulanis will read this, yet they cannot understand. Hence, the gis is functionally necessary and inevitable in effective policing of terrorism in modern nigeria. Pdf abstract boko haram, the islamic radical sect from northeastern nigeria, has. The islamic state in west africa or the islamic states west africa province formerly known as. Department of sociology, federal university, dutsinma, katsina state, nigeria. Already, at the level of group membership the motivations for joining are as diverse as the.
Definitions and explanations i5 fatf, which is also recognized as the international standard setter for efforts to combat the financing of terrorism cft,10 does not specifically define the term financing of terrorism in its nine special recommendations on terrorist financing special recommendations11. Al mulathamun battalion, which have gone through extinctions, mergers and transformations. The federal government of nigeria has, in the battle against terrorism, not sat with arms folded, allowing the threat to continuously eat deep into the nations core. Commencement enacted by the national assembly of the federal republic of nigeria 1. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. She has battled continuously to end the insurgents. Terrorism has grown exponentially in the african continent, not only in terms of the number of attacks but also the number of countries affected. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. Terrorism overshadows internal conflicts africa renewal.
Understanding the emerging trends aderonke, majekodunmi department of political science, faculty of social science university of lagos, akoka, lagos, nigeria email. Worldwide this is one of the most dangerous countries with the most and devastating attacks. Boko haram insurgency and the counterterrorism policy in. Effects of boko haram insurgencyterrorism in business education in nigerian universities ohiwerei, franklin ohiole department of vocational and technical education, business education unit, faculty of education, ambrose alli university, ekpoma, edo state, nigeria. The terrorism prevention act, 2011 in this act referred to as the. This paper addresses the issue of terrorism in nigeria, particularly in connection with the boko haram islamist sect. In nigeria, boko haram has unleashed havoc in the north and the niger delta militant groups in the south have posed serious security challenges to nigeria government. If you look at kidnapping and terrorism you will understand from its definition that it reflects a breakdown in law an order in society.
Fulbe are inhabited in many countries of western africa, but most of them are concentrated in the north of nigeria and senegal. Nigeria now third most terrorized country in the world. The largest improvement occurred in nigeria where terrorism. Asymmetric warfare refers to the use of randomunpredictable violence by a weak group i. Over the past 5 years a total number of 2470 terrorist incidents has been recorded, in which 17751 people have been killed and 7345. The scope of this category includes pages whose subjects relate to terrorism, a contentious label valueladen labelssuch as calling an organization andor individual a terroristmay express contentious opinion and are best avoided unless widely used by reliable sources to describe the subject, in which case use in. This paper examines the impact of international terrorism and the challenges to nigerias national security. Without drugs the tendency of young people engaging in acts of terrorism will be reduced to a minimum. What seems to be terrorism in nigeria today is boko haram31. Implications of boko haram movement in the west africa. Nigerias history of poor governance and extreme poverty in the north. Pages in category terrorism in nigeria the following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. The term terrorism was initially coined to describe the reign of terror, the period of the french revolution from 5 september 1793 to 27 july 1794, during which the revolutionary. The history of terrorism in nigeria is traceable to the emergence of a group of.
Boko haram, islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria. This study attempts a consensual explanation of the defects of. There is an arc of instability spreading across africa, from nigeria in the west to somalia in the east. They have been actively involved in counterterrorism, and several measures have been taken to combat insurgency, most especially in recent years with the threat of the boko haram. The article discussed some of the features of new wars that are relevant to the terrorism activities perpetrated by these two groups. The availability of illegal weapons in the country increases the propensity of youths to be engaged in acts of terrorism. Let us examine the socioeconomic, political and religious effects of boko haram insurgents. It is a sign that formal authority is ineffectual and that checks. Countering illicit arms trafficking and its links to.
Groups, activities, and politics adeyemi bukola oyeniyi abstract while global attention is focused on embassy bombing, aircraft hijacking and 911 terroristsattack kind of terrorism, equally devastating terrorist activities with equally devastating. In 2015 the group began calling itself islamic state in west africa. The history of terrorism is a long one, and defining it is not a straightforward matter. Posted on february 18, 2018 february 18, 2018 by admin. This paper examines intergroup relations in nigeria in the context of the upsurge of domestic terrorism. Abstract this study is to highlight the challenges in the nigeria s international borderlines and its implications for national security at the crossborderlines. For example, in plateau state, in nigerias middle belt, there have been many outbreaks of bloody violence between different communities since the.
It became rampant in the late 90s and further culminating in todays epidemic proportion. History and root causes of terrorism in africa introduction the aim of this paper is fourfold. Parts of africa have become battlefronts in the fight against terrorism by jihadists and other extremists. The number one terrorists in nigeria are the fulanis. Combating violent conflicts and terrorism in nigeria. Terrorism, as a global phenomenon, is an illwind that blows no one any good. Growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in nigeria 1. Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of perseus books group. An act to amend the terrorism prevention act, 2011 by providing for extraterritorial application of the act and strengthening of terrorist financing offences. Terrorism in nigeria the risk of terrorist attacks in nigeria over the past years can be classified as extremely high. Therefore drugs must be controlled to contain terrorism in nigeria. The rise of terrorism in africa is as a result of the instability, crisis, precarious situations and quagmires among others which are on top notch. History of kidnapping and terrorism in nigeria causes.
Terrorism is defined as calculated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. For example, in plateau state, in nigeria s middle belt, there have been many outbreaks of bloody violence between different communities since the. Likewise, deaths from boko harams attacks represented nearly 70 percent of all fatalities from terrorist attacks in nigeria. Federal university lafia, nigeria abstract this paper explores the humanitarian impact of terrorism in nigeria from the standpoint of boko haram insurgency. This is because the layers of frontier and crossborder activities of nigeria and her. Western nigeria security network wnsn codenamed operation amotekun leopard, is a security outfit based in all the six states of the south western, nigeria, responsible for curbing insecurity in the region.
The rise of the terrorist organization the islamic state of iraq and the levant, simply known as isis, offers an explanation as to the reemergence of higher deaths from terrorism numbers in the. Unlike other foreign countries like the us, nigeria had never felt the sharp prong of terrorism until the first public attack on her. The approaches will be multifaceted, multipronged, peoplecentred, and whole of government. University of massachusetts lowell and joint special operations university paper prepared for the annual meeting of the american society of criminology november 16, 2012 research trip to nigeria, sponsored by joint special operations university. Since 2009 the group has carried out largescale acts of violence. In july 2014, nigeria was estimated to have had the highest number of terrorist killings in the world over the past year, 3477, killed in 146 attacks. International terrorism and its implications for national. By examining these debates, this collection is essential reading for those interested in nigeria, and the broader issues of state building, terrorism, humanitarian emergencies, conflict resolution and. Introduction nigeria has all it takes to be great in terms of human and natural resources and wants to be one of the developed economies of the world and a leading nation in africa by the year 2020. Rise of terrorism in africa manohar parrikar institute. Its full name in english is vanguards for the protection of muslims in black africa. Policy from the institute for the study of americas, university of london, and a ba in history international from the. It was founded on 9 january 2020 in ibadan, oyo state, nigeria as the first regional security outfit initiated by a geopolitical zone in nigeria. Jihad otherwise called boko haram western education is sinful in house language.
Nigeria, frustrationaggression, boko haram, insecurity, corruption, sustainable development. Boko haram is a radical islamist movement shaped by its nigerian context and reflecting. Facts from the history of fulani herdsmen in nigeria. Only those with liberated minds will understand, irrespective of their tribe or religion. Growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in nigeria 1 chuku chuku, dominic abang, and imaabasi isip jel codes. According to liolio 20, the successful recruitment of the people into the group. Pdf the hemorrhagic acts of the boko haram and niger delta militants in nigeria warrants an.
Some jihadi groups want to impose strict islamic law, which calls for floggings, stonings and. The role of gis in effective control of terrorism in nigeria. The governor of borno, kashim shettima, of the opposition anpp, said in february 2014. Origin of terrorism in nigeria channels television. Mar 11, 2016 it chronicles the origin of terrorism in nigeria and some parts of the world proffered solutions on how to reduce the activities of terrorists to the barest minimum. But now the emergence of groups like boko haram in nigeria with its regional reach, and the spread of somalias alshabaab attacks into kenya and uganda, have made terrorism a key security. Boko haram has claimed responsibility for the april 15, 2014, mass abduction of nearly 300 teenage schoolgirls in northeast nigeria.
Islamist sect in nigeria christopher ndubuisi ibenwa ph d social sciences unit, school of general studies, university of nigeria, nsukka. It chronicles the origin of terrorism in nigeria and some parts of the world proffered solutions on how to reduce the activities of terrorists to the barest minimum. Challenges of nigeria borders and frontier security. It discussed terrorism as a manifestation of new wars on the african continent and cited two of africas prominent terrorist groups, nigeria s boko haram and somalias alshabaab. Almulathamun battalion, which have gone through extinctions, mergers and transformations. Since attaining selfrule in 1960, nigeria has never been confronted with internal security issues such as acts of terrorism which has greatly affected its foreign relations policy in recent times. They killed off all the hausa rulers and chiefs and islamized them. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 4 about the authors olivier guitta is the director of research at the henry jackson society, responsible for setting the strategic agenda for the research department and overseeing the societys academic focus, as well as conducting his. Nigeria now third most terrorized country in the world report. In the ancient arabic writings, fula people were mentioned too. By origin a splinter of boko haram, ansarus base is in kano and kaduna. The extremist islamic sect boko haram is now feared for its ability to mount both lowscale and audacious attacks in nigeria.
Boko haram insurgency and the counter terrorism policy in nigeria the boko haram fundamentalist islamic group is the first insurgent organization in nigeria to be classified as a terrorist organization by the united states of america and its allies. Terrorism is an anxietyinspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by semi clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby in contrast to assassination the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. Pdf a historical overview of domestic terrorism in nigeria. Growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in nigeria. Tijani abstract this research work examines the impact of terrorism on nigeria economy which centres around exhibiting the challenges posed by the socioeconomic and. Effects of boko haram insurgencyterrorism in business. Insurgency means an organized armed struggle by a group aimed at weakening the authority of the federal republic of nigeria in order to force a political.